India is the second most populous country in the world with an estimated 1.2 billion people and the third largest economy by GDP. India was classified as a (lower) middle-income country by the World Bank in 2012. Hunger, malnutrition, hidden hunger and poverty all are related to each other. Poverty is considered to be the main cause of malnutrition and hunger, however rich people still found to be malnourished. In developing countries like India, children and adults are vulnerable to malnutrition because of low dietary intakes, infectious diseases, lack of appropriate care and inequitable distribution of food within the household. Three standard indices of physical growth that describe the nutritional status of children are Height-for-age (stunting), Weight-for-height (wasting), and Weight-for-age (underweight). The incidence of poverty declined from 45.3% in 1993-94 to 37.2% in 2004-05 and further to 21.9% in 2011-12. The percentage of persons below the Poverty Line in 2011-12 has been estimated as 25.7% in rural areas, 13.7% in urban areas and 21.9% for the country as a whole. The respective ratios for the rural and urban areas were 41.8% and 25.7% and 37.2% for the country as a whole in 2004-05. It was 50.1% in rural areas, 31.8% in urban areas and 45.3% for the country as a whole in 1993-94. In 2011-12, India had 270 million persons below the Tendulkar Poverty Line as compared to 407 million in 2004-05, that is a reduction of 137 million persons over the seven year period.
This present study attempts to examine apple production system of the Kashmir valley of J&K state. High growth and low instability in apple production is an ideal condition for achieving sustainable agricultural performance in the state. There is a growing concern that with technological change in production, variability has increased. Since the magnitude of growth and instability in production has serious implications for policy makers, the period-wise growth and level of instability in area, production and yield of apple in the Baramulla district of Kashmir region were estimated by using time series data from 2001-02 to 2014-15. The relative peace in the state has made it possible for farmers to focus on improving their livelihoods. The apple sector has the potential to influence several households and improve their economic prospects. New market players have to be invited in, resources found for investments, change in policy and support systems from the government and building capacities in individuals and institutions for effective and remunerative participation in the value chain.
Goat rearing is the traditional means of sustaining income, employment and family health among rural poorers. Now days goat rearing is emerge as a beneficial business among farmers. The goats are mostly rear in rainfed and undulated areas of country. Among these areas Bundelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh and their district Jalaun is best suited for goat rearing due to their geographical situation. On this background a study regarding ground realities of goat keepers and goat keeping practices was plan during 2014. For this purpose Jalaun district was purposively selected and datas were collected form 120 goat keepers. The findings of the study show that majority of the goat keepers belong to backward class group. The literacy level was found high with average land holding 1.62 h. Goat rearing contribute about 20 percent contribution in total family income. The flock size was about 18 goats among marginal farmers which was just double from small, medium farmers group. The goat keepers having medium adoption level regarding improved practices of goat rearing. Goat keepers were poor in adopting health care hygiene and breeding related knowledge. The association between extent of adoption and attributes of goat keepers were found independent to each other.
A study of the socioeconomic conditions is a prerequisite for the suitable design and successful implementation of any project, training, demonstration or Governments’ developmental programmes. The present study was conducted to assess the socioeconomic characteristics namely education, employment, income levels from aquaculture and other farm and nonfarm activities of fish farmers of Jammu district, along with status of fish farming and livelihood of fish farmer. The numbers of fish farmers have been increasing due to awareness, fish demand and market price and different encouraging Govt. schemes. Data were collected with the help of well-structured questionnaire from the selected farmers of district Jammu was selected purposively for the study. The findings of the study showed that the majority of fish farmers are in middle age group, education up to middle level, medium family size with sufficient experience in aquaculture. They have medium level of social participation, smaller pond size with single ownership and low level of family income. These socio-economic characteristics of fish farmers must be taken into consideration while formulating, designing and implementing developmental programmes.
Present paper studies the changes in the cropping pattern of crops in Yavatmal district as case study for the period 1991-2010. We divide the period into two distinct periods: 1991-2000 and 2001-2010. The trends in the production of Cereal Crops, Pulses and Cash Crops are observed using mean comparison T test and Dummy variable regression model. These statistical and simple econometric exercises support the noticeable change occurred in the cropping pattern in the Yavatmal district during the economic reforms period. The results can be concluded as the production of wheat increased marginally but production of Jawar crops has drastically declined from 2206.3 mean value to 990.4, and its place has been taken over by Soybean and Sunflower crops during the study period. The production of Bajara declined. The over all production trends in the cereal is a cause of concern for the government in particular and public in general. The mean value of cereal is declined from 2515.6 to 1266.7, which is significant change at 1% level of significance. If this trend remains continue in the coming years, it would be alarming bell for of us.
The Kisan Credit Card (KCC) scheme implemented for fulfilling the short term credit need of farmers was assessed for its impact on non-basmati rice production in R.S. Pura block of Jammu district. The primary data were collected by interviewing the Kisan credit Card holders as well as non-holders directly through pre-tested schedule. The farmers were categorised into small, medium and large farmers and economics of non-basmati rice crop was estimated. Two criteria were applied for assessing the impact of KCC scheme on non-basmati rice cultivation; firstly, a comparison was made between KCC and non-KCC holders and secondly, a comparison of data from same farms was made pre and post use credit drawn under KCC. The total cost of non-basmati rice cultivation was found to be higher in case of KCC beneficiaries by 5.78 per cent as compared to non-KCC beneficiaries. The productivity, net profit, farm business income, farm labour income of non-basmati rice was also higher in case of KCC beneficiaries by 7.97, 2.41, 1.95 and 3.10 per cent respectively as compared to non-KCC beneficiaries. The cost of all the inputs of non-basmati rice has shown significant difference between farms of KCC and non-KCC beneficiaries. The total cost of non-basmati rice, after drawing and using credit under KCC increased by 25.35 per cent whereas the productivity and net profit increased by 10.90 and 52.42 per cent respectively. The results indicate significant improvement in expenditure on input use, yield and profitability of non-basmati rice after use of credit under KCC scheme.
The study was conducted in Jammu city covering Jammu region for analyzing customer perception in which four retail outlets were selected through purposive sampling. The information from various retail outlets was collected with the help of structured questionnaire and the data was analyzed by using factor analysis approach for reducing data complexity by reducing the number of variables being studied. The result revealed that perception of consumers towards unorganized food retail outlets appears to be high then organized retail outlets with respect to Ambience having f-value as 0.09 and t value as 3.57, so there is a significant difference between the perception of consumer towards organized and unorganized retail outlets. The results also showed that perception of consumers towards organized food retail outlets appears to be high then unorganized retail outlets with respect to Visibility having f and t value as 0.01& 0.14 so there is a significant difference between the perception of consumer towards organized and unorganized retail outlets. The study also depicted and showed f & t value calculated as 0.01 4.50 in respect to availability and 0.08 & 5 in respect to delivery and variety respectively.
The aim of this study is to determine the improvement factors ofrice farming sector’s competitiveness in Côte d’Ivoire. The Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM) methodology was used to determine the Competiveness basedon one hand on a sample of rice farmer’s areas and on the other hand on the consolidation of data relative to rice farming issues. As a whole, 190 actors have been chosen at random in four municipalities in the regions of Agneby-Tiassa and Lôh-Djiboua which are:Tassalé, N’douci, Divo, Sikensi. These actors were distributed as follows: 100 farmers, 40 processors, and 50 traders. The basic data have been collected through a structuredquestionnary phase, per category of actor. The second part of data has been especially collected from Technicalservices of the agriculturalministry, research offices and supervision. From the results, it emergesthat the domestic rice sector is competitive. This sector is financially and economically profitable. However, itis slightly protected. Even so, any policy which aims at improving rice production in Côte d’Ivoire requires an implementation of a powerful agricultural system through a best stratification of rice farming sector in order to improve thecompetitiveness of domestic rice farming which is facing the imported rice.
Almost every household keeps semi-intensive back yard poultry production in the backyard as a tradition, both for food and for the generation of additional income in mahoba. Recent studies have shown that improving husbandry and management practices on the house can increase the return of the back yard poultry farmer significantly. A survey was carried out on households with back yard poultry on the social and economic importance of back yard poultry production on the mahoba in 2012. Results showed that on an average, the back yard poultry farmer was 45 years of age, 33% were illiterate, 36% of the farmers were women, and the family consisted of 5.5 members. Besides their main occupation, animal husbandry was the main side activity of 61% of the households. 78% of the respondents reared chickens firstly for income, 11% for home consumption, 7% for cultural reasons, and 4% simply for game. The profit obtained from the sale of chickens and eggs, and the monetary value of sale and home consumption of these commodities represented 14% and 21% of the total income of the family, respectively. 62% of the households wished to expand back yard poultry production as they found this system of production more profitable than the rearing improved commercial broilers and layers. All the poultry sellers who marketed the back yard poultry found their business profitable, and wished to expand it. They priced the birds by their appearance, offered ` 85/ kg live weight, and sold them at ` 110/kg live weight to consumers in Mahoba. Back yard poultry had a guaranteed market, especially for being free intensive birds, and for their rustic taste
This paper highlights the success story of Mr. Sham Singh, a commercial farmer who has been successfully integrated into the main stream economy through production and marketing of Strawberry along with vegetable and fruit production. This case study provides an insight of establishment of farming business and the road map he used in pursing his dream of becoming a commercial producer of strawberry, mango and vegetable production. The report highlights the lessons learned in the production, diversification, competitive and marketing strategies and how Sham Singh designed his farming operation to maximize the annual income from farming. The report ends with challenges that he is encountering and how he plans to address them. This success story will provide information that will be helpful for upcoming strawberry entrepreneurs.
The economics of oat (cv. JHO -822) fodder production under improved package of practices was made over the farmers fields and analysed for the period Rabi 2010-11 in Muzaffarnagar, U.P. The technical knowhow was provided by the institute in growing the higher yield of oat fodder. For oat (JHO 822), the average total cost was found as ` 28201.4 per hectare. The average total working capital is found as ` 19385.3 per hectare. The total variable cost is found as ` 19966.9. The total fixed cost is found as ` 5670.76 per hectare. The share of variable cost in total cost is 70.80 percent. Thus the highest expenditure in percentage term is incurred on labour followed by manures and fertilizers and seed cost and draft power. The total expenses have increased by 13.6% in growing of oat (JHO-822) fodder crop with improved practices against the existing oat varieties. There is higher use of machine and labour mandays as the crop has given two cuttings in most of the fields. The green fodder yield was 18.68% higher and the cost of fodder produced reduced by 4.36 percent.
The marketing of paddy covers a vast spectrum of activities including all the functions and processes involved in the movement of the produce from the point of production to the point of consumption. The district Etah, Uttar Pradesh was selected purposively for the research work. Four market channels were selected for the study of marketing channels, marketing costs, margins and producer’s share in consumer’s rupee with the help of available data and information. In Channel-I, the producer had paid ` 16 per quintal in the form of transportation, weighing, loading and unloading etc. In channel-II, III and IV, the charges born by village traders, wholesalers and retailers were ` 178.00, 169.10 and 143.10 per quintal in respective channels. The marketing margins obtained by different agencies were ` 158.00, 133.00 and 113.00 in case of channel-II, III and IV respectively. The consumer’s price was ` 871.50, ` 852.60 and 846.80 per quintal in case of respective channels. The marketing charges, margins and the consumers had purchased price were highest in channel-II followed by channel-III and channel-IV. It was because of the fact that higher number of intermediaries were involved in channel-II. The marketing efficiency index of channel-IV was highest as compared to the channel-III and channel-II. It showed that the channel–IV most efficient. The producer’s share was found highest in case of channel-IV, where the number of intermediaries were lesser. The channel-IV had been found to be the most efficient and suitable to the farmers.
The pattern of land use of a country, state and district at any particular time is determined by physical, economic and institutional framework taken together. Jammu district of the state which is significantly important in respect of agriculture production has again great variations in the factors influencing agricultural productivity and thus has been selected for the study. Jammu district is selected for extensive study both in time and space to understand the changes in the land use patterns. The district is agriculturally most efficient district of the region as such required investigation into different aspects of agriculture and land use planning. In this present study attempt has been made to evolve some aspects of changes in land use as well as cropping pattern in agriculture of Jammu district based on temporal analysis for the period of 1989-90 to 2005-06. The need of the present study arose mainly to search for the various factors responsible for bringing change in the agriculture of the district. Over the years major changes have occurred in the pattern of land use, cropping pattern, allocation of gross irrigated area etc. The study has been based on secondary sources of information. The secondary data on land utilization, number of land holdings, cropping pattern and production has been collected from the different issues of digest of statistics of Jammu and Kashmir government and village imminent directories of different development blocks of the district. In the study all development blocks has been taken as unit. The information about land use, land holding, cropping pattern and production of two different phases of a study years has been obtained by extensive investigation and processing of concerned data over the period 1989-90 and 2005-06. The analysis has been presented in tabular form and the study is mainly descriptive in nature. The comparison has been made over the time to examine the trends in land use pattern of area, production and productivity of major crops grown in all 11 developmental blocks of Jammu district in percentage.